Names in brackets are the dimensions’ (marked in italic) creator.

Communication style

• High context (Hall)
  • indirect communication style
  • preserve harmony
  • politeness important
  • Humour important on social occasions
  • Seem withdrawn and stiff in negotiations
• Neutral (Trompenaars)
  • Harmony and consensus
  • do not often interrupt

Management style

• High power distance (Hofstede)
  • respect given to higher-ranking, older persons
  • whole staff involved in decision-making

Attitude to time

• Sort of synchronic (Trompenaars)
  • long-term view
  • base decisions on long experience

Ethics – right or wrong

• Sort of particular (Trompenaars)

Values – attitude to work

• Masculine (Hofstede)
  • Working day extremely long
  • meetings drawn out
  • work more important than family
  • dedication expected

Impact of outer influence

• Outer-directed (Trompenaars)

Social identity

• Leans towards collective interest (Hofstede)
  • teamwork and cooperation

Status

• Ascription based (Trompenaars)
  • Promotion based on seniority

Attitude to risk

• High uncertainty avoidance (Hofstede)

Business orientation

• Relationship-focused (Gesteland)
  • dislike trading with strangers
  • socializing precedes business
  • loyalty and trust essential
  • relationship more important than contract

Formality

• Formal (Gesteland)
  • dark suit, white shirt and a tie
  • Suit or dress for women
  • etiquette important
  • titles extremely important

Attitude to personal space

• Touching someone when speaking to them is rare, and would likely make the other person uncomfortable
• Speaking distance sort of the same as in Scandinavia
• Used to cramped spaces, for example when taking public transport